Effectiveness Of Isometric Handgrip Excercise In Controlled Blood Pressure In Hypertension Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Keywords:
Hypertension, Isometric Handgrip Exercise, Blood Pressure
Abstract
Hypertension is a major factor in cardiovascular disease, causing high morbidity and mortality. Several pharmacological therapies are available, but many patients do not achieve optimal blood pressure control. Isometric handgrip exercise is one of the non-pharmacological intervention that is inexpensive, practical and efficient. The research method use a literature search conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases until May 2025. Article included were randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), cross-sectional trials, and quasi-experimental studies that examined the effect of isometric handgrip on blood pressure in patients with pre-hypertension or hypertension. The primary outcomes were systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP). The research result showed that isometric handgrip exercise can reduce systolic blood pressure by an average of 7.3 to 7.5 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by 3.2 to 3.9 mmHg, and MAP by 5.9 to 7.2 mmHg, with tan effect equivalent to that of antihypertensive drugs. Exercise with an intensity of 30 o 60 MVP or 85 to 95% HRpeak performed to 3 to 5 times per week has been shown to be most effective. Isometric handgrip also reduce hypertension symptoms such as dizzies and fatigue, and no serious side effect were found. It can be concluded that isometric handgrip exercise can be used as a safe and effective complementary therapy for hypertension management and is worth considering as part of a lifestyle change for hypertension patients.
References
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Anggraini, Y., Andhini, D. and Muharyani, P. W. (2025) “The Effect Of Deep Breath Relaxation and Isometric Handgrip Exercise On Reducing Blood Pressure In Older Adults With Hypertension”, Jurnal Keperawatan Universitas Jambi, 9(2), pp. 15–22. doi: 10.22437/jkuj.v9i2.43381
Baffour-Awuah, B., Pearson, M.J., Dieberg, G. et al. An evidence-based guide to the efficacy and safety of isometric resistance training in hypertension and clinical implications. Clin Hypertens 29, 9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40885-022-00232-3
Barbosa, R. M., Dos Santos, A. C. N., do Sacramento, M. S., Dos Santos, C. P. C., Souza, P. E. S., Santana, U. S., & Petto, J. (2025). Effect of isometric resistance exercise on blood pressure in normotensive adults: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Annals of translational medicine, 13(2), 16. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-24-124
Chen S, Lian J, Mathew R, et al. Vascular aging: implications, mechanisms, and interventions. Aging Research, 2024, 2(4): 9340039. https://doi.org/10.26599/AGR.2025.9340039
Edwards, J. J., Wiles, J., & O'Driscoll, J. (2022). Mechanisms for blood pressure reduction following isometric exercise training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of hypertension, 40(11), 2299–2306. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000003261
Inoue, T. Unawareness and untreated hypertension: a public health problem needs to be solved. Hypertens Res 48, 1639–1642 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-025-02118-x
Javadi, M.S. (2024). Unlocking Responsive Flexibility within Local Energy Communities in the Presence of Grid-Scale Batteries. Sustainable Cities and Society.
Jones, D. W., Ferdinand, K. C., Taler, S. J., Johnson, H. M., Shimbo, D., Abdalla, M., Altieri, M. M., Bansal, N., Bello, N. A., Bress, A. P., Carter, J., Cohen, J. B., Collins, K. J., Commodore-Mensah, Y., Davis, L. L., Egan, B., Khan, S. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Melnyk, B. M., … Williamson, J. D. (2025). 2025 AHA/ACC/AANP/AAPA/ABC/ACCP/ACPM/AGS/AMA/ASPC/NMA/PCNA/SGIM Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 82(10), e212–e316. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000249
Karthikkeyan, K., Latha, K., & Gokulnathan, V. (2020). Effects of Isometric Handgrip Exercise on Blood Pressure and its Role in Identifying Hypertensive Risk Individuals. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research, 7(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijcmr.2020.7.2.4
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2019b. Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018. Indonesia: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://www.litbang.kemkes.go.id/laporan-risetkesehatan-dasar-riskesdas/
Lucya V, et al. Effect of Isometric Handgrip Exercise on Sleep Quality of Hypertension Patients in the Elderly. J Keperawatan Komprehensif. 2024;10(1):58–62
Miura, S. Evidence for exercise therapies including isometric handgrip training for hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res 48, 846–848 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-024-02033-7
Natale, F., Franzese, R., Luisi, E., Mollo, N., Marotta, L., Solimene, A., D'Elia, S., Golino, P., & Cimmino, G. (2024). The Increasing Problem of Resistant Hypertension: We'll Manage till Help Comes!. Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 12(4), 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12040053
Palmeira, A. C., Farah, B. Q., Silva, G. O. D., Moreira, S. R., Barros, M. V. G., Correia, M. A., Cucato, G. G., & Ritti-Dias, R. M. (2021). Effects of isometric handgrip training on blood pressure among hypertensive patients seen within public primary healthcare: a randomized controlled trial. Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina, 139(6), 648–656. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2020.0796.R1.22042021
Putra, M. A., Nurhikmawati, N., Khalid, N. F., Wiriansya, E. P., & Arifuddin, A. M. A. (2024). Terapi Non Farmakologi dalam Pengendalian Tekanan Darah pada Pasien Hipertensi. Wal’afiat Hospital Journal, 5(1), 16-27. https://doi.org/10.33096/whj.v5i1.130
Putri, Noor Rochmah Ida Ayu Trisno., Cahyaningrum, Etika Dewi. (2024). Keterkaiatan Nilai Tekanan Darah dengan Kadar Glukosa Darah dan Kadar Kolesterol pada Kelompok Usia Lanjut. Jurnal Gema Keperawatan, 17(1): 12-22
Putri, S. A., Dwi Aulia Ramdini, Afriyani, & M. Fitra Wardhana. (2023). Literature Review: Side Effects of Using Hypertension Drugs. Medical Profession Journal of Lampung, 13(4), 583-589. https://doi.org/10.53089/medula.v13i4.773
Raza, A., Kaleem, M., Shaikh, M. A. A., Mansoor, F., Ansab, M., Turkmani, M., & Khan, U. (2025). Trends and Disparities in Heart Failure Mortality Among Hypertensive Older Adults in the United States: A 22-Year Retrospective Study. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 27(5), e70064. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.70064
Shakoor, E. , Izadpanah, P. , Salesi, M. , Daryanoosh, F. and Mehrez, A. (2022). Important Mechanisms of Reducing Blood Pressure following Isometric Handgrip Exercises in Hypertensive Women. Women’s Health Bulletin, 9(1), 51-54. doi: 10.30476/whb.2021.91280.1139
Sumarni T., Putri. Noor Rochmah Ida Ayu Trisno Putri. Effectiveness of Isometric Handgrip and Slow Deep Breathing Exercise in Reducing Hypertension Symptoms. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Community Health (ICCH 2019) (pp. 222–228). Atlantis Press.https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.200204.051
World Health Organization (WHO). (2025). Hypertension fact sheet. WHO Press.
Zhou, Z., Ji, Z., Hou, J., Yang, J., Wu, H., & Zhang, L. (2025). Burden of Hypertensive Heart Disease and Its Risk Factors in East Asia, 1990-2021: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Global heart, 20(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1472
Published
2025-12-03
How to Cite
Trisno Putri, N. R., Astuti, V., Hamidah, S., & Ridiana, M. (2025, December 3). Effectiveness Of Isometric Handgrip Excercise In Controlled Blood Pressure In Hypertension Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Seminar Nasional Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2025, 4(1), 171-177. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35960/snppkm.v4i1.1377
Section
Penelitian
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